Hu Yuhan: The Names of Anti-Japanese Heroes Are Engraved Across the Motherland
The spirit of heroes fills heaven and earth, remaining awe-inspiring through a thousand autumns. The Chinese nation is a nation where heroes emerge in great numbers; throughout the long river of history, countless revered heroes have appeared. With extraordinary courage, eminent wisdom, and a greatness of spirit in sacrifice, they made indelible contributions to the development and progress of the Chinese nation. Particularly during the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, facing the ferocious imperialist aggressors of Japanese militarism, countless heroic individuals—with a bloody commitment to loyalty and the defense of their homes and country, and the undaunted courage to fight to the bitter end—enacted one scene after another of soul-stirring heroic feats upon the land of China. The names and deeds of these heroes are forever recorded in the annals of history, carved into monuments and towers, written into city streets, and fused into the mountains and rivers. Every "red landmark" named after a hero freezes a moment of unforgettable memory from the War of Resistance, traversing time and space to write the heroic epic of the Chinese nation, erecting immortal monuments in the history of the War of Resistance.
I. The sun and moon shine together, and the mountains and rivers remain forever: Groups of heroes of the War of Resistance illuminate the land of China
During the War of Resistance, numerous heroic groups emerged within the valiant Chinese military. Although the smoke of war has long since dissipated, the landmarks of the resistance carved across China silently recount the heart-moving and earth-shaking stories of the people's heroes, praising the great achievements of the resistance heroes during those rugged years [1].
Shinaoshan
The "Hundred Regiments Offensive Monument" towers high, recording the heroic feat of the Eighth Route Army’s bloody struggle. As a key battlefield of the Hundred Regiments Offensive, Shinaoshan witnessed the tragic and stirring epic of Communists fighting bloody battles against the Japanese invaders. On the main peak of Shinaoshan in the suburbs of Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, stands the "Hundred Regiments Offensive Monument." The main monument is 40 meters high and shaped like a sharp bayonet, symbolizing the resistance spirit of the people's heroes who defied brute force, remained indomitable, and resisted foreign enemies. In August 1940, to shatter the "cage policy" [2] of the Japanese invaders and curb the countercurrent of compromise and surrender by the Kuomintang diehards, the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) deployed 105 regiments and approximately 400,000 troops behind enemy lines in North China. Along a 2,500-kilometer front, they launched the world-renowned Hundred Regiments Offensive with the aim of destroying the transport lines of the Zhengtai Railway and eliminating the enemy’s effective strength. Due to its geographical advantage in guarding the key pass of the Zhengtai Railway, Shinaoshan became the key to the success or failure of the offensive. The 769th and 14th Regiments of the 385th Brigade of the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army, under the command of Brigade Commander Chen Xilian, tenaciously held Shinaoshan, fighting a bloody battle for seven days and seven nights. Enemy bombers attacked in swarms with low-altitude strafing, and the roar of heavy artillery blasted the entire mountain until it resembled rolling waves; the battle was unprecedented in its tragedy and intensity. Some soldiers, having exhausted their ammunition and food, threw themselves off cliffs while clutching the enemy; others held their bayonets firmly at the final moment of their lives. They resolutely held Shinaoshan and successfully seized the initiative of the entire battlefield, dealing a heavy blow to the Japanese invaders' arrogance and demonstrating the prestige of the resistance military and civilians behind enemy lines led by the CPC, greatly inspiring the fighting spirit of the military and civilians nationwide.
In August 1941, in retaliation against the Eighth Route Army, the Japanese military mobilized over 70,000 troops to conduct a destructive "Great Mopping-up" [3] against the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region base area. On September 25, over 3,500 Japanese and puppet troops besieged the Langyashan area southwest of Yixian County, attempting to annihilate the Eighth Route Army and local Party and government organs in that region. The 7th Company, 1st Regiment, 1st Sub-district of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region of the Eighth Route Army was ordered to cover the evacuation of the Party and government organs, troops, and the masses. When withdrawing after completing the mission, five soldiers from the 6th Squad, including Ma Baoyu, were left to serve as a rear guard to block the enemy and cover the entire company’s withdrawal. The five soldiers remained firm and calm, utilizing the advantageous terrain to strike back bravely, repelling multiple attacks by Japanese and puppet troops and killing or wounding over 90 of them. The next day, to prevent the Japanese and puppet forces from discovering the direction of the company’s withdrawal, they fought while retreating, luring the enemy toward the dead end of Qipantuo Peak on Langyashan. The Japanese and puppet forces, thinking they had cornered the main force of the Eighth Route Army, launched a fierce assault. Facing the danger without fear, the five soldiers heroically blocked the enemy. After their ammunition was exhausted, they fought back with rocks, continuing the struggle until sunset. Facing the Japanese and puppet troops closing in step by step, they preferred death over surrender, destroyed their firearms, and leaped off the precipice dozens of zhāng [4] deep. The feat of these five soldiers demonstrated lofty patriotism, revolutionary heroism, and unyielding national integrity; they were hailed by the masses as the "Five Heroes of Langyashan."
"Jingyu Mountain"
"Jingyu Mountain" rests quietly between the "white mountains and black waters" [5], commemorating the immortal legend of the arduous struggle of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army (NAJUA). On the east bank of the Hunjiang River in Tonghua, Jilin, there is an unremarkable peak. Located on the mountain is the Martyr Yang Jingyu Memorial Park and the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army Memorial Hall, telling the world of the great achievements of the NAJUA, a heroic force. After the September 18th Incident [6], the Japanese invaders invaded and the nation faced a crisis. Confronted with the Kuomintang's "policy of non-resistance," the CPC repeatedly issued resistance declarations and resolutions, stepping up the mobilization of the masses in the Northeast and calling for the entire nation to take up arms in resistance. Under our Party’s leadership, a valiant force fought an arduous struggle against the aggressors on the Northeast battlefield, isolated behind enemy lines. They used captured Type 38 rifles to oppose tanks and gripped grenades with frozen fingers, overcoming a thousand hardships and ten thousand perils to persist in fighting Japanese and puppet troops. They eventually developed into an "army of iron and blood" comprising 11 corps and over 30,000 personnel—the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. This was the heroic force that persisted the earliest, the longest, and under the most perilous conditions in the resistance within the "white mountains and black waters." Using deep mountains and dense forests as a shield and relying only on crude equipment, the NAJUA utilized the guerrilla tactics of "one lure, two pull, three fast" [7] to tenaciously resist the invading enemy, who possessed aerial fire and modern armaments, engaging in an arduous guerrilla war. The NAJUA lost contact with the Party Central Committee and faced severe shortages of supplies, but with their lives and convictions, the officers and soldiers fought bitterly against the enemy for 14 years in the extremely harsh environment of the ice and snow of the Changbai Mountains. They completed a tenacious struggle that surpassed human limits, tying down large numbers of Japanese troops despite a 90% casualty rate, writing an extremely tragic miracle of guerrilla warfare in the history of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. In October 1938, eight female resistance soldiers, led by Leng Yun, an instructor of the Women's Regiment of the 1st Division, 5th Corps of the NAJUA, were besieged by Japanese invaders by the Wusihun River, a tributary of the Mudanjiang. To cover the main force's breakout, they resolutely gave up crossing the river and took the initiative to draw the enemy's fire. In a "fight to the death" [8] until their ammunition was exhausted, and facing the Japanese and puppet troops' attempt to force a surrender, the eight female soldiers showed no fear, preferring death over being taken prisoner! They destroyed their weapons, held arms, and waded into the Wusihun River to drown themselves collectively; the oldest was 23, the youngest only 13. The thousand-fathom cliffs and the surging river waters witnessed the awe-inspiring dignity and defiance of death of these female heroes of the resistance.
The heroic Liulaozhuang Company
The heroic Liulaozhuang Company used their flesh and blood to cast a monument. In Liulaozhuang Township, Huaiyin District, Huaian City, Jiangsu Province, there is an "82 Martyrs Memorial Hall," built to commemorate the martyrs of the New Fourth Army's Liulaozhuang Company who sacrificed their lives. In March 1943, the Japanese 17th Division gathered over 1,600 Japanese and puppet troops to launch an "iron-wall encirclement" against the Huaihai resistance base area in Jiangsu, attempting to annihilate the main force of the New Fourth Army in one fell swoop. The 4th Company, 2nd Battalion, 19th Regiment, 7th Brigade of the 3rd Division of the New Fourth Army was ordered to undertake the heavy responsibility of covering the safe evacuation of the Huaihai District Party and government organs and the masses. In the early morning of March 18, the Japanese and puppet forces completed the encirclement of Liulaozhuang; artillery fire fell like raindrops, and cavalry charged like a tide. Under the command of Company Commander Bai Sicai and Political Instructor Li Yunpeng, the 80-some soldiers retreated to defensive trenches, using crude weapons to engage in a life-and-death struggle with the enemy. Shells blasted the earth into the air, smoke obscured their vision, and the soldiers' ears buzzed from the impacts, yet their eyes remained firm and burning. When the bullets were gone, they drew bayonets and charged the enemy; when bayonets bent, they swung rifle butts with all their might; when rifle butts shattered, they used small spades to hack; when the spades broke, they gripped the enemy's throats; when their hands were wounded, they tore with their teeth... After 12 hours of bloody battle, not one of the 82 warriors retreated; they used their bodies of flesh and blood to block the enemy's offensive. To prevent the enemy from obtaining useful information from our side, Bai Sicai shouted during the battle: "Burn the documents, swear never to surrender!" He led by example until the final moment he sacrificed his life. Li Yunpeng waved his bayonet and charged at the front, eventually dying a heroic death for the country. After the battle, the Japanese military carefully counted the New Fourth Army personnel in the pools of blood and discovered that the force that had fought a life-and-death battle against over 1,600 of their elite troops for nearly a entire day was surprisingly only a single company of 80-some men. The 7th Brigade of the 3rd Division of the New Fourth Army named the unit the "Liulaozhuang Company," and from that moment on, the small village of Liulaozhuang was forever written into the history of the Chinese nation's resistance.
The history of the Chinese military's War of Resistance is glorious and profound. Facing the arrogant clamor of Japanese militarism to "destroy China in three months," and facing the well-equipped and ferocious Japanese army, the heroes of the Chinese military stood like majestic Kunlun Mountains upon the motherland. Standing at the very front and charging on the front line, they became the backbone of China's resistance.
II. The soul of the soldier, the bulwark of the state: Famous resistance generals give their blood to defend China
In the arduous War of Resistance, senior generals who died for the country—such as Yang Jingyu, Zhao Shangzhi, Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan—are outstanding representatives of thousands upon thousands of resistance soldiers. They took up their responsibilities and faced life and death, composing heroic epics that startled the heavens and moved the gods.
From "one person" to "one city"
From "one person" to "one city," the man and the city share immortal glory. Zuoquan County in Shanxi Province was originally called Liaoxian. In September 1942, it was renamed "Zuoquan County" to commemorate General Zuo Quan, the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Eighth Route Army, who died for the country here. General Zuo Quan was the highest-ranking general of the Eighth Route Army to sacrifice his life during the War of Resistance, and this small county became world-famous because of him. In May 1942, the Japanese military gathered over 30,000 troops to conduct a retaliatory "Great Mopping-up" against the Eighth Route Army headquarters from five directions. Several thousand cadres from the Eighth Route Army headquarters, the Central Northern Bureau organs, and the Northern Bureau Party School were surrounded by Japanese forces, creating an extremely critical situation. On the 22nd, the headquarters decided that Zuo Quan would command two regiments to block the enemy at both the east and west ends, covering the various organs as they broke through the encirclement separately. He led the cadre column across three Japanese blockade lines; upon reaching Shiziling on the morning of the 25th, the Japanese military suddenly conducted a flanking attack, attempting to cut off the headquarters' retreat and transfer route. However, Zuo Quan was prepared; he preemptively positioned the guard company of the Political Department on the ridges of both sides of the valley mouth, dealing a head-on blow to the Japanese forces. Seeing that the flanking attack had failed, the Japanese forces intensified their frontal assault, with planes and artillery shelling the mountains. At this dangerous moment, Zuo Quan organized troops to cover the organ personnel breaking out of the mountain pass while holding the position and checking the evacuation status of various headquarters organs. At noon on the 25th, after the headquarters organs had broken through the encirclement, he discovered that the comrades in charge of the document boxes had not yet caught up with the column. He immediately ordered the guards beside him to find them and stayed on the position to continue covering the last group of people breaking through the encirclement. Unfortunately, a shell exploded near him, and a fragment hit his head; Zuo Quan died instantly at the age of 37. Comrade Zhou Enlai called him "a model for the Party." Zhu De composed a poem in mourning: "The famous general sacrificed his body for the state, willing to shed hot blood to defend our China. The noble spirit of Taihang is passed down through the ages, leaving the clear Zhang River to spit blood-red flowers." To commemorate Zuo Quan, the Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu [9] Border Region Government decided to rename Liaoxian as Zuoquan County. The noble spirit of Taihang is passed down through the ages, and the revolutionary spirit circulates forever. The deeds of heroes represented by General Zuo Quan manifest the Great Resistance Spirit and the Taihang Spirit, inspiring generations of Chinese sons and daughters to inherit the legacy of heroes and struggle unremittingly for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Two "iron-blooded scholar-generals"
Two "iron-blooded scholar-generals" [10] and two characteristic schools. Dai Anlan and Peng Xuefeng were two iron-blooded scholar-generals proficient in both "the pen and the sword." After they gave their lives for the country, to remember their heroic feats, the government and relevant personages made preparations to establish...
"Anlan Memorial Vocational School," and renamed the "Huaibei Middle School"—which Peng Xuefeng had advocated for and founded during his lifetime—as "Xuefeng Middle School." Dai Anlan was a Major General and commander of the 200th Division of the National Revolutionary Army [11]. In March 1942, before entering Burma to resist the Japanese army, he wrote in a letter home: "I am determined to sacrifice my all to repay the nation for its upbringing. To die in battle for the country is a matter of supreme glory." He took the lead in making a will: as long as a single soldier remained, they must hold out to the end. The Defense of Toungoo was a major battle for the Chinese army upon entering Burma to resist Japan; the fighting was exceptionally arduous. From top to bottom, the 200th Division vowed to resist the enemy unto death. Over twelve days, they repelled more than twenty enemy charges, killed or wounded over 4,000 enemies, and captured more than 400. However, during the retreat, the Japanese army launched a sneak attack from the rear. Dai Anlan was shot in the abdomen during the battle and was severely wounded. To lead his troops in a breakout as quickly as possible, he used wood ash to stop the bleeding temporarily and continued the march. By the time they reached a temple, his wound had become necrotic and perforated; he sacrificed his life due to the severity of his injuries at the age of 38. The National Government posthumously promoted Dai Anlan to Lieutenant General. Peng Xuefeng was an outstanding commander of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and the New Fourth Army [12]. In 1944, the Japanese army concentrated more than 500,000 troops to launch the Henan-Hunan-Guangxi Campaign, the largest since the beginning of the war of aggression against China. Peng Xuefeng was ordered to lead the Fourth Division of the New Fourth Army as the main force to recover the areas west of the Tianjin-Pukou Railway. On the night of August 30, the Fourth Division crossed the railway and advanced westward. In just ten days, they successively crushed the "mopping-up" operations [13] of more than 2,000 Japanese and puppet troops and captured several enemy strongholds. At dawn on September 11, in Balizhuang, Xiayi County, Henan Province, Peng Xuefeng ordered a general offensive against the enemy. Under the cover of mortar and machine-gun fire, they quickly breached the enemy's defensive positions. In the final stage of the fierce battle, Peng Xuefeng ordered a cavalry regiment to intercept the fleeing enemy. At that moment, a stray bullet hit Peng Xuefeng in the chest, and he died a heroic death for his country at the age of only 37. Comrade Mao Zedong spoke highly of General Peng Xuefeng: "His brilliant reputation will live forever; a lifetime of loyalty, he is a fine example for Communists. Sacrificing himself for the nation, filled with tragic indignation, we mourn a hero for the Chinese nation." On September 10, 2009, Peng Xuefeng was named one of the "100 heroic models who made outstanding contributions to the founding of New China."
Three famous anti-Japanese generals, three Beijing streets. Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, and Zhang Zizhong were famous high-ranking generals who sacrificed their lives during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. After the three heroes sacrificed themselves, three streets in Beijing were named after them to commemorate their immortal contributions. Tong Linge Road was originally named Nangouyan Street, located in the Xuanwumennei area of Xicheng District, Beijing; Zhao Dengyu Road was originally named Beigouyan (Baita Temple East Street), located in the north-central part of Xicheng District; and Zhang Zizhong Road is located in the Jiaodaokou area of Dongcheng District, Beijing, and is a section of "Ping'an Avenue." The copper pocket watch on Tong Linge Road reflects the sun's rays as if the hero had never left; he has long since integrated into this beloved land. The time on the pocket watch is frozen at 14:30 on July 28, 1937—the moment General Tong Linge, the anti-Japanese hero, sacrificed his life. Tong Linge was a general who was skilled in military governance and dealt a heavy blow to the enemy at the Battle of Xifengkou. He said: "If I, Linge, do not lead from the front, you may tie me before Tiananmen, gouge out my eyes, and cut off my ears." After the "July 7th Incident" [14] broke out, Tong Linge fought fiercely against the Japanese invaders in Nanyuan amidst non-stop shelling. Despite a leg injury, he refused to leave the battlefield. He eventually sacrificed his life heroically on July 28 due to a head injury, becoming the first high-ranking general to die for the country since the full outbreak of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, at the age of only 45. Not far from the east side of Wanping Fortress in Fengtai District, Beijing, there is a martyr's grave where Zhao Dengyu, the first division commander to give his life for the country during the War of Resistance, rests. On the night of March 11, 1933, Zhao Dengyu led his soldiers in a surprise attack on the Japanese army while injured. The soldiers drew their red-tasseled broadswords and killed the enemy bravely, destroying 18 enemy artillery pieces and achieving the first major victory since the September 18th Incident [15], striking a blow to the Japanese army's arrogance. From then on, the "Broadsword Unit" became famous throughout the world. In 1937, the musician Mai Xin composed the famous anti-Japanese song "Broadsword March" based on the deeds of the unit. "Let our broadswords chop at the devils' heads" was sung throughout the country, becoming a clarion call to invigorate the national spirit and strive for national liberation. After the "July 7th Incident," Zhao Dengyu led his troops in stubborn resistance, defending Nanyuan outside Beijing. Under the indiscriminate bombing of Japanese artillery and aircraft, Zhao Dengyu led his troops to hold their positions until death. On July 28, 1937, after the Nanyuan positions were lost, Zhao Dengyu was ordered to lead his troops in a retreat. He was ambushed by the Japanese army on the way and sacrificed his life heroically at the age of only 39. Zhang Zizhong was a General in the National Revolutionary Army. In May 1940, the Japanese army launched the Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang. Zhang Zizhong's unit was surrounded by Japanese invaders, and he vowed to fight a bloody battle to the end, eventually being hit by several bullets and sacrificing his life at the age of 49. Before he died, he left a final message: "The determination to die for the country and the nation shall never change one bit, though the seas dry up and the rocks decay." After the founding of New China, the Central People's Government posthumously recognized Zhang Zizhong as a revolutionary martyr. In 2009, Zhang Zizhong was named one of the "100 heroic models who made outstanding contributions to the founding of New China." Comrade Zhou Enlai praised him: "His will of loyalty and righteousness, and his spirit of heroism, can truly serve as the soul of the Chinese soldiers in the War of Resistance."
III. "The rise and fall of the nation is the responsibility of every individual"; the heroic deeds of the anti-Japanese masses will leave a name in history
Through 14 years of unyielding and bloody struggle, the Chinese people achieved the great victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. This was a war of resistance for the entire nation and a victory for the entire nation. Every Chinese person with integrity participated in it, and their names are likewise engraved on the land of the motherland, never to be forgotten.
The "Chinese Red Sister-in-Law," the mother of peace. In Peace Square in Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province, there is a hundred-meter statue of the "Chinese Red Sister-in-Law, Mother of Peace." The sculpture vividly reproduces the touching story of the "Red Sister-in-Law" Ming Deying, who rescued wounded soldiers of the Eighth Route Army. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance, Ming Deying was inspired by the practical actions of the Communist Party and the Eighth Route Army in persisting in the resistance and doing "everything for the people," and she took the initiative to rescue Eighth Route Army soldiers. In 1941, a young Eighth Route Army soldier was being pursued by the enemy. Ming Deying risked her life to protect and hide him. Seeing that the soldier's life was in danger, Ming Deying resolutely dripped her own breast milk into the soldier's mouth, saving his life, and carefully took care of him until he recovered and returned to his unit. Later, the writer Liu Zhixia wrote the short story "Red Sister-in-law" based on this, and Ming Deying was also called the "First Red Sister-in-law of Yimong."
Returned overseas Chinese, women who are no less than men. In the Martyr's Cemetery in Pinglu District, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province, stands a statue of a heroic woman leaping on a horse and raising a gun, looking heroic and valiant. She was the famous anti-Japanese national heroine Li Lin, a martyr who was a returned overseas Chinese from Indonesia. Li Lin lived in Indonesia as a child and returned to her motherland in 1929 to actively participate in revolutionary activities, joining the Communist Party of China in December 1936. After the full outbreak of the War of Resistance in July 1937, Li Lin resolutely requested to go to the front line to kill the enemy. In April 1940, the Japanese and puppet troops concentrated 12,000 troops to carry out a "mopping-up" operation against the Jin-Sui Border Region [16]. To cover the breakout of administrative organs and the masses, she led a cavalry company to charge bravely, drawing the Japanese and puppet troops away, but she herself was besieged on the top of Yinliang Mountain in Xiaoguojia Village. After suffering multiple wounds to her legs and chest, she still fought heroically, killing or wounding six Japanese and puppet soldiers. Surrounded by the enemy, she would rather die than surrender; she kept the last bullet for herself and took her own life by swallowing a bullet, sacrificing her life heroically. Li Lin was only 24 years old when she died, and she was more than three months pregnant. Zhou Enlai once called her the "Chinese Joan of Arc," and He Long also praised her as "our heroine."
Wielding the pen as a spear, writing earthly justice with life. In Fuyang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, there is a road called "Dafu Road," named after the "warrior of the pen" Yu Dafu. As a director of the All-China Resistance Association of Writers and Artists, Yu Dafu traveled to the anti-Japanese front lines in eastern Zhejiang and southern Anhui, recording the unyielding struggle of the Chinese military and civilians as a war correspondent. At the end of 1938, he went to Singapore and published a large number of articles supporting the war and analyzing the domestic and international situation, which greatly encouraged the morale of overseas Chinese in the war. After the fall of Singapore, Yu Dafu went into exile in Sumatra under the pseudonym "Zhao Lian." He opened a distillery as a cover to continue his anti-Japanese work. An accidental mishap revealed that he could speak Japanese, and the Japanese occupation forces subsequently forced him to serve as a translator. During his time as a translator, he secretly helped and rescued many local people and overseas Chinese and learned of many secrets and crimes of the Japanese military police. This intelligence became important evidence for the post-war trials of Japanese war crimes. After Japan announced its surrender in 1945, Yu Dafu was secretly murdered by the Japanese military police at the age of 49. His name is not only engraved in the history of Chinese literature but also inscribed on the monument of the Chinese people's Anti-Fascist War.
A nation with hope cannot be without heroes; a country with a future cannot be without pioneers. The great spirit of the War of Resistance is a precious spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation and a powerful driving force inspiring us to continue forging ahead bravely. Only by remembering history can we better move forward. We must remember all the heroes who have made contributions to the Chinese nation and the Chinese people, including the anti-Japanese heroes. The best way to commemorate heroes is to admire them, learn from them, and strive to be one of them, vigorously promoting the spirit of heroes so that it can soar high in the New Era and converge into a majestic force to comprehensively advance the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization.
(The author is an Associate Researcher at the Academy of Military Political Work, Academy of Military Sciences) Source: Qiushi (Red Flag Manuscript Edition), Issue 14, 2025