Marxism Research Network
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Zhuo Mingliang: Research and Interpretation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era by Foreign Marxist Parties

Marxism Abroad

Currently, the international community is paying close attention to and researching China, attempting to decipher the "code" behind the twin miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability created by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Raed Fahmi, the current General Secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party, believes that "understanding China's current political, economic, and social systems and looking forward to China's future development prospects is one of the major theoretical and practical tasks facing schools of thought, experts, scholars, and political forces concerned with development issues worldwide" [1]. In a reply letter to international students at Peking University, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "To understand today's China, one must understand the Communist Party of China" [2]. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the latest theoretical achievement of the CPC’s continuous advancement of the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism, and overseas figures are increasingly focused on researching this thought. Among them, foreign Marxist parties have become one of the primary forces in the overseas research and interpretation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. "Currently, more than 130 political parties in about 100 countries worldwide still maintain the name of 'Communist Party' or adhere to a Marxist nature" [3]. In recent years, through publishing academic monographs, writing theoretical articles, accepting interviews with Chinese official media, and issuing statements or congratulatory messages, these parties have conducted relatively comprehensive research on the systematization and theorization, core tenets, worldview and methodology, and global significance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

I. The Epochal Background of Foreign Marxist Parties’ Research and Interpretation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

In recent years, many viewpoints demonstrating and envisioning the development status and prospects of socialism in the 21st century have emerged in the contemporary world socialist movement. One such viewpoint comes from Alberto Moreno Rojas, Chairman of the Communist Party of Peru (Red Fatherland). In a 2021 article, he pointed out, "The current world landscape is undergoing tremendous changes. The success of socialism with Chinese characteristics is bound to grant socialism greater prestige and expand its influence on a global scale. Communists and revolutionaries worldwide must attach great importance to, observe, and study this historical trend" [4]. In fact, this research trend has already taken shape. The reason foreign Marxist parties are interested in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the CPC is, on one hand, due to a sense of political closeness and identification with Party history as fellow Communist organizations, and on the other hand, because they are deeply influenced by the profound changes in the international situation and the development of the times. The epochal characteristics manifested by the development of world capitalism and the world socialist movement in the early 21st century are mainly reflected in: first, the contest between two ideologies and two social systems is undergoing profound changes under the changes unseen in a century, with the developmental trend of "the East is rising and the West is declining" becoming increasingly evident; second, the international influence, appeal, and shaping power of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era have significantly increased. This epochal background drives foreign Marxist parties to continuously follow and study Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

1. The contest between two ideologies and two social systems is undergoing profound changes under the changes unseen in a century, and the developmental trend of "the East is rising and the West is declining" is becoming increasingly evident

General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out, "From the broad perspective of 500 years of world socialism, we are still in the historical era specified by Marxism" [5]—that is, the historical stage in which socialism replaces capitalism. This important judgment is our fundamental guide for observing the developmental status and future trends of world capitalism in the 21st century and for assessing the development of the world socialist movement. From the broad perspective of the international communist and world socialist movements, the contest between the two ideologies and two social systems exhibits a "spiral-upward" historical trajectory and will coexist and compete for a long period. However, in different historical periods and stages, the contest exhibits different epochal characteristics. Currently, against the backdrop of the accelerating evolution of the changes unseen in a century, the contest between the two ideologies and two social systems is undergoing profound changes.

The basic characteristic of global capitalism at the current stage is its encounter with "multiple crises"—economic, political, social, ecological, and civilizational—showing unstoppable signs of decay. Historically, the capitalist world has already experienced three major crises in just over 20 years. American economist Richard Wolff concluded that in the first 20 years of the 21st century, US capitalism has already suffered "three economic collapses" (2000, 2008, and 2020), which greatly shook the capitalist system, "not only weakening the foundations of the empire but also confronting its future with huge challenges. Inequality in wealth and income is increasingly intensifying" [6]. The key lies in the fact that capitalism cannot find a way to solve the crisis; it can only continuously externalize internal contradictions and establish "enemies" overseas. Wolff further pointed out, "The Republican and Democratic parties not only accuse and attack each other but also point their fingers at other countries: the Republicans point at China, and the Democrats point at Russia. Attacks and blame are everywhere, yet neither party has found a solution" [7]. From a realistic perspective, capitalism is encountering a systemic crisis. Ghassan Dibeh, a member of the Political Bureau of the Lebanese Communist Party, believes this crisis is mainly manifested in six aspects: the crisis of economic globalization, the crisis of capitalist universality, the crisis of technological change, the intensification of income and wealth inequality, the collapse of the relationship between democracy and capitalism, and the ecological crisis [8]. Compared with the development of emerging countries like China, capitalism shows more and more exhaustion in its comparison and contest with socialism, and signs of decay are becoming increasingly apparent. Erhard Crome, Executive Director of the WeltTrends Institute for International Politics in Potsdam, Germany, cited Parag Khanna in his article "China in the World System," noting that "the hallmark of the development of the international situation in the 21st century is the shift of the world's economic center of gravity toward Asia. This signifies not only the beginning of the erosion of American power but also the overall decline of the West" [9].

Looking at the present, the historical evolution and contest between the two ideologies and two social systems—socialism and capitalism—on a global scale remains the mainstream of the current era, characterized by long-term durability, complexity, and intensification. Although it is still too early for the realization of the goal of capitalism's demise and its replacement by socialism in the short term, the current main trend of historical development is that global capitalism is further moving toward polarization and paranoia, showing increasingly obvious signs of decay. The development of world history is increasingly leaning toward the side of the world socialist forces.

At the same time, the developmental trend of "the East is rising and the West is declining" is currently becoming more evident, with a powerful driving force being the great achievements and great transformations of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. On the historical foundation of 75 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China and over 40 years of Reform and Opening-up, the CPC has united and led the people of all ethnic groups in achieving historic development achievements. This is both a brilliant "report card" for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and a momentous stroke in the history of the world socialist movement. In this regard, the report to the 20th CPC National Congress made an important judgment: "The great transformations in the ten years of the New Era are of milestone significance in the history of the Party, the history of the New China, the history of Reform and Opening-up, the history of the development of socialism, and the history of the development of the Chinese nation" [10]. It can be said that the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era has opened a new chapter in the history of socialist development. The CPC has continuously opened new frontiers in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism, achieving a new leap in this process. It has proposed Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era—the Marxism of contemporary China, the Marxism of the 21st century, and the essence of Chinese culture and the Chinese spirit in our times—providing the fundamental guide for the development of the cause of the Party and the country in the New Era. The CPC has led the people in embarking on a new journey of building a strong country and national rejuvenation, and the path of Chinese-path modernization continues to demonstrate vigorous vitality. In January 2022, in a speech at a seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading officials on studying and implementing the spirit of the sixth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "The continuous success of the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism has presented Marxism to the world with a brand-new image, causing a major shift in favor of socialism in the historical evolution and contest between the two ideologies and two social systems of socialism and capitalism on a global scale" [11]. Against this background, international figures are closely following the great achievements and great transformations of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, with particular focus and research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

2. The international influence, appeal, and shaping power of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era have significantly increased

Another epochal background for foreign Marxist parties’ research and interpretation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is our vigorous promotion of the international communication of this thought in recent years, which has significantly increased its international influence, appeal, and shaping power. Among these efforts, the publication of the four-volume Xi Jinping: The Governance of China—important works that comprehensively present the core tenets and practical requirements of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era—has triggered international attention. In the view of Roza Kayikova, Executive Director of the "Roza Otunbayeva Initiative" International Public Foundation in Kyrgyzstan, and others, "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China profoundly explains the essence of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan (economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization construction), helping readers in various countries to better understand the concepts and practices of China in the New Era" [12]. As editions of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China in various languages have been launched, reading and studying this work has become an important method and primary tool for overseas figures to "understand the CPC," "understand the New Era," and "understand Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era."

First, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China has become an important work widely read by overseas dignitaries and scholar groups. In Western developed countries, General Secretary Xi Jinping's works have received praise and recommendations. French author Léa Bessis pointed out, "The first three volumes, especially the insistence on multilateralism and joining hands to build a community with a shared future for humanity mentioned in the third volume, left a deep impression on me. In today's fast-changing but unbalanced world, the fourth volume provides Chinese wisdom to lead the world toward harmony and balance" [13]. In November 2022, Challenge, the official journal of the Young Communist League of Britain, released a message stating that the fourth volume of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China was selected as one of the "10 'Red' Books for Christmas 2023" recommended by the YCL, suggesting that British Young Communists and the broad masses of youth should break free from the "shackles" of Western mass media and study the original "China story." This demonstrates the focus of foreign Young Communist Leagues on the CPC’s governance thoughts and practices.

Leaders of many countries and international organizations, especially in developing countries, have become "fans" of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China. They strive to understand the "secrets" of the CPC's governance thoughts and absorb them for reference in their own countries' specific work or fields. Central African Republic President Faustin-Archange Touadéra pointed out, "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China comprehensively demonstrates General Secretary Xi Jinping's profound thoughts and foresight, becoming a bedside and desk-side book for many African leaders" [14]. According to the introduction by Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), "The CPRF often regularly holds discussions on issues related to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and China's development. In the Party's study system set by the CPRF and in the political education of Party members and supporters conducted by the CPRF, these issues are all involved," and "the media controlled by the CPRF systematically publicizes and reports on issues related to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and China's development" [15].

Furthermore, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s personal charismatic leadership have inspired and encouraged a group of young foreign scholars and politicians. Adnan Adam, a young Lebanese scholar, believes that "the reason China is powerful is that it possesses a cohesive political party and a strong leadership core. General Secretary Xi Jinping is a thinker and a man of action who possesses profound thought, upholds the fundamentals and breaks new ground, maintains great foresight, and engages in tireless struggle" [24]. Moteus Thistine, National Organizer of the South African Communist Party Youth League, pointed out that "General Secretary Xi Jinping is the greatest leader of the contemporary era, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a scientific guiding ideology proven by praxis" [25]. Sandro Rotton, Chairman of the External Affairs Committee of the Jamaica Labour Party Young Jamaica, said with deep emotion: "'Serving the people above oneself' is an important lesson I learned from General Secretary Xi Jinping's life and leadership," and "General Secretary Xi Jinping’s grand strategies, foresight, and strategic resolve are admirable, providing Caribbean youth like me with a model of leadership to which our hearts aspire" [26].

Second, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China has received high praise from ordinary overseas readers. Works such as Xi Jinping: The Governance of China have not only gained the attention of overseas political and academic circles but have also achieved high recognition among the general public, truly "flying into the homes of ordinary people abroad." Ibrahim, a Syrian Master’s student in Public Administration at Damascus University, pointed out: "History proves that as long as a country has a strong and powerful leader and correct political and management philosophies, the will of that country's people cannot be defeated. As a student of public administration, I am very focused on the mystery of China's success; in the book Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, I found the answer" [27]. Looking at reader feedback for the English version of Volume I of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China sold online on Amazon in the United States, a reader whose IP address shows they are from Canada pointed out: "Well translated and very easy to understand. It presents the pressing issues facing the Chinese nation today. It lists the short-term goals and long-term aspirations the Communist Party of China aims to achieve. Very informative and comprehensive. I will be purchasing Volumes 2 and 3 soon" [28]. A book enthusiast signed "H. Keeton," after finishing the 722-page English version of Volume IV of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, left a comment on the website: "This is the fourth volume of the political philosophy of Xi Jinping governing a vast country with one of the oldest civilizations in world history; this book will become a classic of political pedagogy alongside Machiavelli, Plato, Marx, Engels, and Hammurabi. We in the 'West' need to understand where the world is headed and why. Learn a new way of thinking, a new and mutually cooperative way of living, rather than focusing on competing with and trying to control others" [29]. This comment was pinned to the top of the section and received a five-star rating on the website.

In summary, whether from official positions or grassroots attitudes, the "fever" surrounding the dissemination and study of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China reflects the immense international influence, appeal, and transformative power of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

II. Main Content of the Research and Interpretation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era by Overseas Marxist Parties

1. Research on the Systematization and Academic Formalization of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The development of Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a process of continuous enrichment and expansion, as well as continuous systematization and academic formalization" [30]. Due to varying reasons such as political stance and research interests, the forces conducting systematized and academic research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era overseas are not very large; among them, overseas Marxist parties are the main representatives. This group constitutes the primary force behind this research interest, making unique contributions to the interpretation of the systematization and academic formalization of the Thought, reflecting its significant influence and epochal value within the world socialist movement. The contributions of overseas Marxist parties in this regard mainly include the following aspects.

First, they have revealed the relationship between Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development from the perspective of theoretical origins. Overseas Marxist parties believe that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the inheritance and development of these preceding theories.

First, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a creative application and vivid praxis of Marxism-Leninism. Gennady Zyuganov pointed out: "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has made creative contributions to enriching the treasury of Marxism; it is a vivid praxis of the creative application of the theoretical achievements of Marx, Engels, and Lenin in the 21st century" [31]. Aleksei Sokol, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus, pointed out: "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the inheritance and development of Marxism-Leninism" [32]. Hans Modrow, the last Premier of the former German Democratic Republic (SED), also pointed out: "The new Thought in the New Era is built upon the foundation of the understanding and creative application of Marxism, and is a further developed Marxist doctrine" [33]. The above views profoundly interpret the relationship between the "source" and the "flow" regarding Marxism-Leninism and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, "we cannot discard the ancestors" [34]: "Marxism is the very root of the towering tree of our Party and people’s cause, and the very source of the ten-thousand-mile river of our Party and people’s continuous advancement. If we deviate from or abandon Marxism, our Party will lose its soul and its direction" [35].

Second, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the enrichment and development of Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development. Overseas Marxist parties have also studied the relationship between Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and these theories. In the view of these parties, the century-plus history of the CPC is a history of continuously advancing the Sinicization of Marxism; a series of innovative Marxist theoretical achievements have been formed successively under different epochal themes, together constituting the important content of the "theoretical system of Sinicized Marxism." These achievements share a relationship of carrying forward the past and opening the way for the future, all being the enrichment and development of socialist theory. Hans Modrow pointed out: "When we talk about Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era today, my understanding is that this thought comes from the analysis of Chinese reality, from Marxist theory, from the creative development of Mao Zedong’s experience, and from the understanding and appreciation of Deng Xiaoping’s insights" [36]. This "creative development of Mao Zedong’s experience" is centrally reflected in the methodology of the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism. As General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized in his speech at the symposium commemorating the 130th anniversary of Comrade Mao Zedong’s birth: "Mao Zedong Thought is a precious spiritual wealth of our Party and will guide our actions over the long term. Comrade Mao Zedong’s great praxis of using the 'arrow' of Marxism to shoot at the 'target' of China's specific reality provided a glorious example for us to correctly treat Marxism and continuously advance its Sinicization and modernization" [37]. Alberto Moreno Rojas further pointed out: "In the process of continuous praxis, reflection, error correction, and summation, the CPC has polished a theoretical system of Sinicized Marxism. Historically, if the CPC had not conducted deep reflection and refinement on the Sinicization of Marxism and subsequently founded Mao Zedong Thought, the New China might not have been established; if Deng Xiaoping Theory had not been formed in time to creatively propose the development of a socialist market economy, China might have found it difficult to achieve today's developmental successes; similarly, the Theory of Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development have both made important contributions to further enriching Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and guiding the resolution of various contradictions in practical work" [38].

Second, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the product of combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality and with fine traditional Chinese culture. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th CPC National Congress: "Only by combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality and with fine traditional Chinese culture, and by persisting in the application of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, can we correctly answer the major questions raised by the times and praxis, and only then can we ensure that Marxism maintains its vigorous vitality and exuberant energy" [39]. Regarding this issue, overseas Marxist parties have primarily formed two important understandings.

First, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is the product of the "Two Combinations." General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Marx repeatedly cautioned people that Marxist theory is not a dogma, but a guide to action, and must develop along with changes in praxis" [40]. Overseas Marxist parties believe that the CPC has broken the shackles of dogmatism by combining the basic principles of Marxism with "Chinese reality" and "Chinese cultural traditions," thereby founding Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Luciana Santos, President of the Communist Party of Brazil, pointed out: "Chinese communists are not dogmatists; in pursuing the socialist ideal, they never mechanically copy foreign models, but are adept at creatively combining it with their own national reality" [41]. Alberto Lombardo, head of the Training and International Departments of the Communist Party (Italy), pointed out: "The reason why Marxism can become a vital guide to action rather than a rigid dogma in China—a land in the East so far from its birthplace in Western Europe—is precisely because the CPC has developed and applied it according to the country's own history and political-economic environment" [42]. Naturally, "national reality" includes "China’s cultural traditions." Ram Karki, a member of the Standing Committee of the Politburo and Deputy Head of the External Affairs Department of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), pointed out that under the leadership of General Secretary Xi Jinping, the CPC "organically combines Chinese reality and Chinese culture with Marxism" [43]. The Communist Party of Australia pointed out that the "Two Combinations" mean that both China's specific national conditions and its long cultural traditions have achieved an organic combination with or a reinterpretation of Marxism [44]. These discourses from overseas Marxist parties further interpret and validate General Secretary Xi Jinping’s emphasis that "opening up and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics on the profound foundation of over five thousand years of Chinese civilization, and combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific reality and with fine traditional Chinese culture, is the path we must take" [45].

Second, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made significant contributions to the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism. In the view of overseas Marxist parties, the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism is a dynamic process continuously advanced by successive leaders of the CPC; they particularly high praise for the major contributions and significant influence made by General Secretary Xi Jinping. Sergio Ortiz, former General Secretary of the Liberation Party of Argentina, pointed out: "Socialism with Chinese characteristics is rooted in the idea of the Sinicization of Marxism; this concept was first proposed by Chairman Mao Zedong, and today, President Xi Jinping continues to carry this idea forward" [46]. Faraj Itmeizeh, General Secretary of the Jordanian Communist Party, believes: "The ideological concepts of General Secretary Xi Jinping are profound in connotation and advance with the times; they focus both on the particularity of the great Chinese Revolution and on the universality of the socialist revolution under the guidance of Marxism and dialectical materialism, fully embodying the original aspiration and founding mission of the CPC to seek happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation" [47]. Raid Fahmi, General Secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party, emphasized: "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is closely integrated with China’s reality and has become an important calling card of socialism with Chinese characteristics" [48].

2. Research on the Core Essence of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

Overseas Marxist parties have interpreted the core essence of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era from the perspective of its theoretical system.

First, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a comprehensive, systematic, and complete theoretical system. Foreign Marxist parties have studied the theoretical system and practical orientation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as a whole, emphasizing that it is a "theoretical complex" involving numerous aspects such as politics, economy, culture, society, ecological civilization, and Party building. Gyula Thürmer, Chairman of the Hungarian Workers' Party, believes that "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era was proposed based on an in-depth analysis of the general trends of China's historical and contemporary development; it is a broad complex formed on the basis of political reflection on theory, ideology, politics, economy, society, and foreign relations, and is an outstanding theoretical achievement of the 21st century" [13]. Dmitry Novikov, Deputy Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, emphasized that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a profound and thorough system of thought, manifested in the fields of state-building and Party building, national defense, diplomacy, and international relations [14]. These discourses grasp the systematic and holistic nature of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

Second, the core essence of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is concentrated in the fourteen basic policies. General Secretary Xi Jinping expounded on the basic policies for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era in the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, which attracted high attention from foreign Marxist parties. Bishnu Prasad Paudel, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) and Minister of Finance of the Nepalese government, pointed out that the theoretical achievements of "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era" proposed at the 19th CPC National Congress in 2017 are concentrated in 14 basic policies: ensuring Party leadership over all work; committing to a people-centered approach; continuing to comprehensively deepen reform; adopting a new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing; ensuring that the people run the country; ensuring every dimension of governance is based on the law; upholding socialist core values; ensuring and improving living standards through development; ensuring harmony between humanity and nature; pursuing a holistic approach to national security; upholding absolute Party leadership over the people's forces; upholding the principle of "one country, two systems" and promoting national reunification; promoting the building of a community with a shared future for humanity; and exercising comprehensively and strictly governing the Party [15]. Vojtěch Filip, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, believes that the fourteen basic policies are the "main characteristics" of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and "the action guide for continuously advancing the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation" [16]. Foreign Marxist parties have also studied the internal structure and levels of the fourteen basic policies. Robert Griffiths, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Britain, believes that the CPC's basic policies are both a theoretical whole and possess their own hierarchical nature, dividing the fourteen basic policies into three levels. He pointed out that "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is an important theoretical innovation of the CPC in the New Era; it is an organic whole in which the content of the 'Fourteen Upholds' can be divided into three categories: first, those specifically for the CPC; second, those providing lessons for other communist and workers' parties; and third, those providing strategic solutions for the development of the international community, all of humanity, and our planet" [17].

  1. Research on the Worldview and Methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out: "To continue writing new chapters in the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism is the solemn historical responsibility of contemporary Chinese Communists. To continue promoting theoretical innovation based on practice, we must first grasp the worldview and methodology of the Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and adhere to and apply the stances, viewpoints, and methods that run through it" [18]. The worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era are concentrated in the "six must-adheres," to which foreign Marxist parties have paid high attention, offering interpretations and readings from their respective perspectives and emphases.

First, putting the people first. Foreign Marxist parties specifically focus on the worldview and methodology of "putting the people first." They point out that as the largest Marxist party in the history of the international communist movement and the ruling party of the world's largest developing country, the CPC has always placed the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people in a supreme position, consistently through different periods of revolution, construction, and reform, winning the wide support of the masses. Rolando Giai-Levra, Secretary of the Lombardy Region of the New Italian Communist Party, pointed out that "the great 'Chinese Dream' proposed by President Xi Jinping is a grand vision of a modernized moderately prosperous society [19] that seeks well-being and development for the Chinese people and the Chinese working class" [20]. Foreign Marxist parties believe that the CPC's adherence to putting the people first focuses on continuously satisfying the people's aspirations for a better life. Pradeep Kumar Gyawali, a member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Nepal, emphasized that "whether during the revolutionary period or the period of socialist construction, the CPC has always been able to unite hundreds of millions of people under its banner. It has never let the people down. The CPC always maintains close ties with the people, sharing weal and woe, and helping the people realize their beautiful aspirations" [21].

Second, maintaining self-confidence and self-reliance. Foreign Marxist parties highly recognize the capacity and level of the "world's largest Marxist ruling party," the "largest socialist country," and the "century-old major party," firmly believing that the CPC is fully capable of taking action and making new and greater contributions to the development of Marxism and the promotion of the world socialist movement. Barshaman Pun, a member of the Standing Committee of the Communist Party of Nepal, pointed out that "among all socialist countries, China is the largest economy. Beyond that, as the world's second-largest economy, China possesses the world's most powerful Communist Party, which undoubtedly shoulders greater international responsibilities and obligations" [22]. Meanwhile, foreign Marxist parties appreciate and support the CPC's independent exploration of a path for socialist construction suited to its own national conditions, firmly believing that the CPC will generate greater international influence through self-confidence and self-reliance. Hans Modrow pointed out that "the Chinese do not need a guardian, nor do they need others to tell them what to do regarding China's future. Wherever things are not yet perfect, the locals understand it much better than foreigners do" [23]. Josef Skála, former Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, emphasized that "the CPC is the largest communist party in human history, and its enormous success enables it to represent Marxists worldwide and defend the dignity of truth. Every success achieved in the struggle against those forces attempting to slander China through 'enemy images' enhances the CPC's prestige and influence at home" [24].

Third, upholding the fundamentals and breaking new ground. Upholding the fundamentals and breaking new ground is an important worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, receiving high recognition from foreign Marxist parties. They believe that the CPC both adheres to the basic principles of Marxism and continuously promotes the innovation of Marxist theory based on practice, serving as a model for upholding the fundamentals and breaking new ground in the world socialist movement. Regarding this point, Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli, Chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) and Prime Minister, pointed out that "the CPC has never treated Marxism as a dogma, nor has it ever mechanically copied the development and practice models of other countries from different periods and backgrounds in the name of Marxism. What it pursues is the innovative application of Marxism, transforming it into an endogenous development path that reflects specific national history and realistic circumstances" [25]. Victor Kot, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Argentina, also pointed out that "the CPC has always demonstrated a solid theoretical foundation and the ability to create and innovate within the framework of Marxism, achieving remarkable results in practice and making important contributions to enriching Marxism" [26].

Fourth, maintaining a problem-oriented approach. In a speech at a symposium for non-CPC personages convened by the CPC Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We must have a strong problem awareness, focus on major issues, and further study and think about major and key problems to find answers, striving to promote the resolution of a series of prominent contradictions and problems facing our country's development" [27]. Maintaining a problem-oriented approach has received high attention from foreign Marxist parties. These parties believe: First, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era focuses on solving the practical difficulties China faces—such as the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the masses—placing their fundamental interests in a supreme position. Fosco Giannini, former Director of the International Department of the Communist Refoundation Party (Italy) and former Senator of the Italian Republic, believes that "The country is the people, and the people are the country—this sentence deeply touches us Western Communists. This reflects the democratic thought contained within Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The status of the people is supreme, the people occupy the central position" [28]. Second, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era focuses on answering major theoretical and practical puzzles in the changing international situation; for example, the concept of building a community with a shared future for humanity focuses on thinking about questions such as "where is humanity headed" and "the adjustment and transformation of the international order." Regarding this, Hildebrando Cahuana, International Relations Secretary of the Communist Party of Peru (Unity), emphasized: "Marxism is a constantly developing system of scientific theory. We believe that one of the most important contributions to the development of Marxist theory in recent decades is the building of a community with a shared future for humanity proposed by President Xi. This concept not only transcends China's borders but also contains the essence that the common destiny of humanity is inseparable from the development of socialism. Building a community with a shared future for humanity is to explore the development of Marxism in practice, to emphasize the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature alongside economic and social development, and to realize a global modernization that leaves no person or country behind" [29]. Lyudmila Zhuravleva, a member of the Central Auditing Commission of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, pointed out: "Unlike the West, China is not dominated by selfishness, which is clearly reflected in the concept of a community with a shared future for humanity proposed by Xi Jinping. The core of this concept is that the world should not be divided into masters and subjects, the chosen and the abandoned, but should solve all problems through dialogue and equal cooperation" [30].

Fifth, applying systems thinking. Foreign Marxist parties point out that the CPC adheres to systems thinking and systematic logic in the process of comprehensively deepening reform, ensuring the unity of overall advancement and key breakthroughs in the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Luu Van An, Acting President of the Academy of Journalism and Communication at the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics in Vietnam, pointed out that the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core takes economic and institutional reform as the core and persists in reform and opening up. The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform" adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee emphasized the importance of taking economic system reform as the foundation and focus of comprehensively deepening reform. Comprehensively deepening reform also includes political system construction, innovation of cultural systems and mechanisms, reform and innovation of social undertakings, ecological civilization institutional construction, and national defense and military reform [31]. Zyuganov pointed out: "Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the magnificent, epic process of socialist construction carried out under the guidance of this thought provide a complete set of methodologies. It is not confined to a single field but touches upon every aspect of social life—politics, economy, society, culture, and ecology" [32].

Sixth, maintaining a global perspective.

Foreign Marxist parties point out that the Communist Party of China (CPC) grasps the relationship between China's development and human progress with a global perspective, continuously contributing Chinese strength to the joint construction of a beautiful world. They view Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as an important theory that "benefits humanity." Fred M’membe, President of the Socialist Party of Zambia, noted that "General Secretary Xi Jinping is truly an 'outstanding Marxist' and a 'true Marxist theorist,' and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is an advanced ideology that leads world development and benefits humanity" (59). "Benefitting humanity" means making more "Chinese contributions" to the development of human society. General Secretary Xi Jinping has elaborated on the CPC's "world contributions" many times, reflecting the international responsibility expected of a major world power and a major party, the profound sentiment for "all under heaven" [33] inherent in a 5,000-year-old civilization, and the internationalist spirit of Chinese Communists. For over a century, the CPC has always maintained a global vision, committing itself to seeking happiness for the Chinese people, rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, progress for humanity, and the "Great Harmony" [34] for the world, advocating that the forces of all countries join hands to build a better world.

4. Research on the Major Value of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era for the World Socialist Movement and the Development of Human Society

The CPC possesses a high degree of theoretical consciousness and a strong sense of agency regarding the world significance of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, having formed many strategic judgments of great significance. In his speech at the seminar for new members and alternate members of the Central Committee and provincial- and ministerial-level leading officials to study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of the 19th CPC National Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Socialism with Chinese characteristics is becoming the banner of the development of 21st-century scientific socialism and the mainstay for the revitalization of world socialism. Our Party has the responsibility, confidence, and capability to make greater historical contributions to the new development of scientific socialism" (60). In the view of foreign Marxist parties, Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era belongs not only to the CPC and the Chinese people but also possesses profound world significance, providing important reference and lessons for the world socialist movement and the development of human society.

First, foreign Marxist parties believe that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era holds significant value for the development of world socialism.

First, the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era has resolutely defended the truth of Marxism through great achievements and great transformations, demonstrating the bright prospects of the cause of world socialism. Josef Skála believes that "the CPC is the largest communist party in human history; its immense success allows it to represent Marxists worldwide and defend the dignity of truth" (61). Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe [35], the CPC's practical experience has become the most vivid, active, and rapidly evolving component of the 21st-century world socialist movement. It serves as a tremendous inspiration to Marxist forces worldwide, further demonstrating the truth of Marxism and the feasibility of the socialist path. Petro Symonenko, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, pointed out that "the vitality of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has been proven by the practice of China's socialist construction, showing the whole world that socialism is not dead. Only by replacing the capitalist system, which has exhausted its positive potential, with a socialist society can the acute problems faced by humanity in the New Era be resolved" (62). Mauro Alboresi, National Secretary of the Italian Communist Party, noted: "The background and conditions of the socialist cause in various countries differ greatly, and most Marxist parties find themselves in unfavorable positions—defensive or in opposition during their struggles. Therefore, the successful cases of China and some other socialist countries today are not just a matter of hope for us; they represent a massive contribution to the global revival of socialist ideals and prospects" (63).

Second, the CPC has revealed scientific methods for the localization and modernization of Marxism, advocating that all countries combine the basic tenets of Marxism with their own specific realities, which holds world-wide reference value. In July 2022, in his congratulatory letter to the CPC and World Marxist Parties Forum, Xi Jinping pointed out: "Continuing to promote the localization and modernization of Marxism and illuminating the path forward for humanity with the light of truth is the common responsibility of Marxist parties" (64). This is an important methodology provided by the CPC in the New Era for the world socialist movement, and it has received positive appraisals from many Marxist parties. C.P. Mainali, Deputy General Secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), noted: "Marxism is not a ready-made normative formula for solving problems, but a way to analyze, explain, and transform society. Each country and society has different natures and characteristics, with unique histories of development, socio-economic structures, and cultural traditions. These uniquenesses and differences require us to take a path of socialist revolution and construction with our own characteristics" (65). The CPC's emphasis on promoting the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with the specific national conditions of various countries has provided important inspiration for foreign Marxist parties to promote the localization and modernization of Marxism. Gyula Thürmer pointed out: "In June 2023, President Xi Jinping spoke of the significance of the 'Two Combinations'—namely, combining the basic tenets of Marxism with China's specific reality and with China's fine traditional culture. We need to follow a similar approach in Europe, combining Marxism with the rich cultural and civilizational heritage of European countries" (66).

Third, the Party's century-long struggle and the vivid practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era provide "Chinese experience" for the development and revival of world socialism. Petro Symonenko highly appraised the great achievements of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era and the latest theoretical fruit of the Sinicization and modernization of Marxism—Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. He pointed out: "Ukrainian communists and progressive forces attach great importance to Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, believing its value and significance lie not only in arming the whole Party and the Chinese people with a concrete, scientifically demonstrated program of action, but also in opening broad prospects for the world communist movement" (67). The vivid practices of the CPC in the New Era—from completing targeted poverty alleviation and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, to initiating a new form of human civilization through Chinese-path modernization; from correctly handling the relationship between the market and the government to continuously meeting the progressive, differentiated, and escalating aspirations of the people for a better life; from utilizing the value of capital while maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and class attributes, to promoting the modernization process while inheriting and developing traditional culture—have made major contributions to enriching the experience of the 21st-century international communist movement. Regarding this point, Francesco Marincio, a member of the Central Committee of the Italian Communist Party, believes that the CPC "provides Marxists worldwide with a precious opportunity for theoretical reflection and greatly enriches the practical and theoretical innovation of Marxism. Other political parties around the world should, just as the CPC thirstily learns from and draws on the essence of other civilizations and cultures, study the CPC's governance experience and draw inspiring lessons from it" (68).

Second, foreign Marxist parties believe that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era has important reference value for the development of human society, elaborating on the world significance of the "Three Global Initiatives" and the building of a community with a shared future for humanity.

First, the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative provide more "certainty" and "stability" for a world undergoing changes unseen in a century, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the common challenges facing humanity. José Reinaldo Carvalho, a member of the Central Committee and the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of Brazil, pointed out: "Today, as the CPC celebrates its centenary, the world is undergoing a historical period full of uncertainty and instability" (69). A major feature of the world's changes unseen in a century is that they are fraught with "uncertainty" and "instability"; if not handled well, rare historical opportunities and development chances will be lost. In this "uncertain" world, some countries have chosen "national interests first," falling into the quagmire of "unilateralism" and "protectionism," cobbling together "small circles," and engaging in ideological confrontation. It is commendable that the CPC is currently one of the key forces capable of providing more "certainty" to a world full of uncertainty. The stability and certainty of the CPC stem from its faith in Marxist theory, its adherence to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and its perseverance in communist ideals. It also comes from the Party's centralized and unified leadership, which ensures that the Party’s line, principles, and policies do not warp, deviate, or change color. In a "historical period full of uncertainty and instability," the CPC has always adhered to the view of righteousness and interests that "one should seek the interests of all under heaven," proposing international propositions such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the building of a community with a shared future for humanity, the Global Security Initiative, the Global Development Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, bringing "stabilizers" and "reassurance" to the development of all countries and the recovery of the world economy in the post-pandemic era. Ahmad Shaaban, General Secretary of the Egyptian Socialist Party, commented: "General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the Global Security Initiative with an eye on the future of all humanity" (70). "Whatever policy China formulates, at whatever level, it is not for the exclusive enjoyment of progress and stability, and it will not resort to force at the expense of other countries' interests" (71). Most importantly, the CPC's provision of Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the international community is based on the principles of complete equality and voluntarism, a point highly appraised by foreign Marxist parties. Hans Modrow noted: "China exports many things, but with one exception: they do not export their vision of socialism" (72).

Second, building a community with a shared future for humanity is a far-sighted and far-reaching global strategic concept that focuses on solving major difficulties, pain points, and bottlenecks in global governance; it is a "grand project to reconstruct the Earth." The concept of building a "community with a shared future for humanity" proposed by the CPC has won widespread attention and praise. Foreign Marxist parties believe that building a community with a shared future for humanity aims to safeguard international fairness and justice and guide the beautiful future of humanity. Dmitry Novikov believes that there are currently "three main types of ideas concerning globalization in the world: Xi Jinping’s concept of a 'community with a shared future for humanity,' the religious globalism (of some Islamic countries) that relies on a certain special spirit, and the anti-globalization thoughts (of the United States under Trump)." He pointed out: "Only the concept of a 'community with a shared future for humanity' emphasizes fairness and justice, does not impose its will on other countries, and aims to achieve a beautiful world where 'each appreciates their own beauty, appreciates that of others, and all share in the beauty together to achieve the Great Harmony.' This is the direction for the future development of humanity" (73). Foreign Marxist parties emphasize that the old global governance system and pattern face many challenges. The concept of building a community with a shared future for humanity breaks free from the shackles of old international relations theories and the limitations of outdated ideas such as the Cold War mentality and zero-sum games, emphasizing global benefit-sharing and common development. José Luis Centella, President of the Communist Party of Spain and Vice President of the Party of the European Left, emphasized: "The more tense the global situation, the closer the interdependence between countries and regions, and the more necessary it is to build a new international order to promote better and more comprehensive cooperation between countries—to jointly meet the development challenges of all humanity and share resources and technological progress to expand common interests and achieve shared opportunities. To realize new global governance, it is necessary to build a community with a shared future for humanity and initiate a 'grand project to reconstruct the Earth'" (74).

III. Conclusion and Reflections

On November 24, 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in his congratulatory letter to the World Conference on China Studies · Shanghai Forum: "China Studies is the study of historical China and also the study of contemporary China" (75). "Contemporary China Studies" is actually "New Era China Studies," and the overseas study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era falls within the scope of world China Studies, forming an important component of "New Era China Studies." Currently, the attention and research of overseas personages on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era show two different trends.

First, practical and policy-oriented research focuses on micro-level studies of the specific practices and policies of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. The research forces in this area primarily include foreign scholars, think tanks, political figures, and journalists. They emphasize researching specific issues regarding socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era from perspectives such as political significance, historical comparison, and great-power competition. There is a vast quantity of research output in this area, with an endless stream of books, papers, and research reports; however, there is relatively little research on the core tenets, theoretical system, and practical requirements of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era itself.

Second, theoretical and academic research focuses on macro-level studies of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era itself. The main research forces in this area are foreign Marxist parties and certain left-wing scholars. This group generally possesses a certain foundation and literacy in Marxist theory and focuses on tentative studies regarding the systematization and academic formulation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Although their research output is overall relatively small in quantity, it is for that reason particularly precious. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that we must "strengthen the publicity and interpretation of the Communist Party of China, helping people abroad to recognize that the CPC truly struggles to seek happiness for the Chinese people, and to understand why the CPC is capable, why Marxism works, and why socialism with Chinese characteristics is good" [38]. Foreign Marxist parties have made their own unique contributions in this regard. They actively and proactively "publicize and interpret the CPC" on the international stage, using Chinese discourse to interpret Chinese achievements and Chinese theory to explain Chinese practice. They have become a main force in studying, publicizing, and interpreting Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era overseas, telling the story of China and the CPC well, and refuting the slanders and vilifications of the US and the West. It must be emphasized that the research conducted by foreign Marxist parties on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is based on a natural sense of political identity and a realistic sense of political affinity. This natural political identity stems primarily from a shared faith as fellow Marxist-Leninist parties; the political affinity comes from their identification with and admiration for the theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. Among these parties and leaders who have long followed and studied Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, many have visited China multiple times to participate in academic forums and conduct field research across the country. They have personally witnessed the achievements attained in the modernization construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Most of them are relatively familiar with the history of the CPC, the history of the People's Republic of China, the history of reform and opening up, and the history of the development of socialism. They feel a shared pain regarding the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe [39], and they personally feel the hardships of the low ebb of the international communist movement. They hold respect for the long-standing Chinese civilization, harbor deep sympathy for the tortuous fate of the Chinese nation in modern times, are heartened by the great achievements and great transformations [40] of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, and are full of expectation for the prospects of the resurgence of the world socialist movement. Their main achievements and viewpoints deserve our high degree of attention, long-term tracking, and in-depth study.

Of course, there are also some deficiencies and challenges faced by foreign Marxist parties in their research and interpretation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, mainly involving three points: First, while there is relatively more holistic and systematic research on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, there is less research on its specific sub-fields, or such research has not followed up in a timely manner; alternatively, some parties find it difficult to carry out in-depth research due to the limitations of their own theoretical level. Second, because some foreign Marxist parties are weak and have little political influence—and some are even "labeled" or "stigmatized" by their domestic government media—it is difficult for their research findings on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to generate significant international influence. Third, due to differences in national and party conditions, or obstacles in obtaining relevant CPC documents overseas, some viewpoints of foreign Marxist parties contain points open to debate or even involve misreadings, which require us to carefully discern and correct in our follow-up research.